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| death_place = Detroit, Michigan | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Writer, social activist, philosopher, and feminist | alma_mater = Barnard College (B.A., 1935) Bryn Mawr College (Ph.D., 1940) | spouse = James Boggs (1953–1993, his death) 〔Ward, Stephen M. (editor), (''Pages from a Black Radical's Notebook: A James Boggs Reader'' ), Wayne State University Press, 2011〕 | parents = Chin Lee (father; b.1870; d.1965) Yin Lan Lee (mother; b.1890; d.1978) 〔Cooper, Desiree, ("Activist Boggs learned from mom's regrets" ), ''Detroit Free Press'', March 9, 2006〕〔 | relatives = Katherine (sister) Edward (brother; b.1920) Philip (brother) Robert (brother) Harry (brother; b.1918) 〔 | residence = Detroit, Michigan }} Grace Lee Boggs (June 27, 1915 – October 5, 2015) was an American author, social activist, philosopher and feminist. She is known for her years of political collaboration with C.L.R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya in the 1940s and 1950s. She eventually went off in her own political direction in the 1960s with her husband of some forty years, James Boggs, until he died in 1993.〔("Untold Tales, Unsung Heroes: An Oral History of Detroit's African American Community 1918–1967" ), Wayne State University Press, p. 156, Elaine Latzman Moon. Retrieved 1 July 2014.〕 By 1998, she had written four books, including an autobiography. In 2011, still active at the age of 95, she wrote a fifth book, ''(The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century )'', co-written by Scott Kurashige and published by the University of California Press. == Early life and education == Lee was born in Providence, Rhode Island above her father's restaurant on June 27, 1915. She was the daughter of Chin Lee, a restaurant owner originally from Toishan in China born in 1870.〔Cf. Boggs, Grace Lee, ''Living for Change: An Autobiography'' (1998)〕 Her Chinese given name was Yuk Ping (玉平), meaning "Jade Peace." Her mother, Yin Lan Lee, her father's second wife, acted as an early feminist role model. She grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York. Her father owned restaurants in New York City.〔 Her mother was born in the Ng family. They were so poor that her uncle sold her mother as a slave, but she was able to get away. Her mother was married to her father in an arranged marriage that was also arranged by her uncle. She was unable to give birth to sons and so her father left her mother for a younger woman. Her father migrated to the United States with his second wife after the British defeated China in the First Opium War of 1839–1842. After the war, the country suffered socioeconomically, due to indemnities the Chinese government was forced to pay. This tax was then forced on to the poor farmers of the country. They were unable to afford this tax levied upon them and decided to leave. Boggs went on to study at Barnard College on a scholarship and graduated in 1935 where she was influenced by Kant and especially Hegel. She received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Bryn Mawr College in 1940 where she wrote her dissertation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grace Lee Boggs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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